大山捨松(山川捨松)は日本人として最初の看護教育を受け、看護婦免許の取得者
問題の所在:大関和は日本で最初の看護婦(トレインド ナース)であったか?
それを検証するために、つぎの論文から紹介したい。
秋山ひさ「明治初期女子留学生の生涯 -山川捨松の場合-」『論集』第31巻第3号、神戸女学院大学、1985年3月、81-104頁、
大山捨松(Sutematsu Ōyama)は明治15年(1882)6月14日に、Poughkeepsie 、 New York州にあるVassar College(正式には Vassar Female College) を卒業した。
その後、当時の学期制として当然な進学先のタイムスケジュールに合わせて、 New Haven Hospital(現 Yale New Haven Hospital、35 Park Street New Haven, CT 06511)で学んだ。
②大山捨松が学んだ New Haven Hospital は、Yale School of Medicine (1810年創設)と密接に連携した教育病院 primary teaching hospitalであった。New Haven Hospital 自体は 1826年創設。
当時のアメリカには、現在のような州単位の看護師国家資格はまだ存在せず、病院が独自に発行する「看護修了証・看護免状」が一般的であった。
したがって山川捨松が取得した免許は、
New Haven Hospital が運営する看護研修課程プログラムを修了した証明書であった。この病院の特長はナイチンゲール方式に基づく近代看護教育であった。
• 実地看護(bedside nursing)
• 衛生・消毒法
• 包帯法
• 患者観察
• 食事・清潔・排泄などの基礎看護
• 軍陣看護に準じた応急処置
などを含む、ナイチンゲール方式に基づく近代看護教育でした。
● 実地研修(clinical training)が中心
① 1880年代 New Haven Hospital の clinical training の核心
■ 1. ナイチンゲール方式の導入
アメリカで本格的な看護教育が始まったのは1873年で、その「三大ナイチンゲール校」の一つが Connecticut Training School for Nurses(New Haven Hospital 付属) であった。
臨床実習は以下の特徴を持つ
• 病棟での実地看護が中心(bedside nursing)
• 衛生・消毒・清潔管理を重視(Lister法の普及期)
• 患者観察と記録を重視
• 医師の指示の理解と実行能力を訓練
更に具体的に説明するならば、
ベッドサイド看護(Bedside Nursing)
• 体位変換
• 清拭・洗身
• 食事介助
• 排泄介助
• 褥瘡予防
• 患者の状態観察(脈・呼吸・皮膚・意識など)
(B) 包帯法・創傷処置補助(Bandaging & Wound Care)
• 包帯の巻き方
• 創傷の洗浄補助
• 手術後のドレッシング交換補助
• 器具の消毒(煮沸・薬液)
1880年代はリスター法が普及し始めた時期で、
消毒・無菌操作の習得が重要視
(C) 投薬・治療の補助(Medication & Treatment Assistance)
• 医師の指示に基づく投薬準備
• 湿布・温罨法・冷罨法
• 吸入療法の準備
• 注射器具の準備(当時は医師が施行)
(D) 感染症病棟での看護(Fever Ward / Infectious Diseases)
当時の New Haven Hospital では、
結核・腸チフス・猩紅熱などの感染症患者が多く、
看護学生は 隔離病棟での実習も行った。
• 隔離手順
• 衛生管理
• リネンの消毒
• 患者の発熱管理
(E) 夜勤実習(Night Duty)
Annual Reports によれば、
看護学生は 夜勤を通じて独立した判断力を養うことが求められた。
● (F) 記録(Charting)
• 患者の状態記録
• 投薬記録
山川捨松が受けた看護カリキュラム
Curriculum (Estimated)
Connecticut Training School for Nurses at New Haven Hospital (c.1882)**
1. Program Overview
Duration: approx. 2 months (short-term intensive course) Educational Model: Nightingale System (lecture + extensive bedside practice)
Primary Goals:
Mastery of hygiene and sanitation
Acquisition of practical bedside nursing skills
Development of observational accuracy
Training in hospital domestic work essential for patient care
2. Morning Lectures
(1) Hygiene and Sanitation
Principles of ventilation, light, and cleanliness
Prevention of infectious diseases
Methods of disinfection (boiling, carbolic acid, etc.)
Principles of ventilation, light, and cleanliness
Prevention of infectious diseases
Methods of disinfection (boiling, carbolic acid, etc.)
(2) Anatomy and Physiology
Basic structure and function of major organs
Circulation, respiration, digestion
Understanding symptoms in relation to physiology
Basic structure and function of major organs
Circulation, respiration, digestion
Understanding symptoms in relation to physiology
(3) Principles of Nursing
Observation and accurate reporting
Bed-making and patient positioning
Prevention of bedsores
Care of fever patients
Observation and accurate reporting
Bed-making and patient positioning
Prevention of bedsores
Care of fever patients
(4) Dietetics and Sickroom Cookery
Preparation of broths and light diets
Food safety and nutritional principles
Cooking according to physicians’ prescription
Preparation of broths and light diets
Food safety and nutritional principles
Cooking according to physicians’ prescription
(3) Principles of Nursing
Observation and accurate reporting
Bed-making and patient positioning
Prevention of bedsores
Care of fever patients
Observation and accurate reporting
Bed-making and patient positioning
Prevention of bedsores
Care of fever patients
(4) Dietetics and Sickroom Cookery
Preparation of broths and light diets
Food safety and nutritional principles
Cooking according to physicians’ prescriptions
Preparation of broths and light diets
Food safety and nutritional principles
Cooking according to physicians’ prescriptions
(3) Principles of Nursing
Observation and accurate reporting
Bed-making and patient positioning
Prevention of bedsores
Care of fever patients
Observation and accurate reporting
Bed-making and patient positioning
Prevention of bedsores
Care of fever patients
3. Afternoon Clinical Training (Bedside Practice)
(1) Personal Care of Patients
Bathing, cleansing, oral care
Feeding assistance
Management of elimination
Turning and repositioning patients
Bathing, cleansing, oral care
Feeding assistance
Management of elimination
Turning and repositioning patients
(2) Observation and Record-Keeping
Measuring pulse, respiration, and temperature
Recording changes in symptoms
Reporting to attending physicians
Measuring pulse, respiration, and temperature
Recording changes in symptoms
Reporting to attending physicians
(3) Bandaging and Wound Care Assistance
Application of bandages
Assisting with dressing changes
Cleaning and preparing instruments
Application of bandages
Assisting with dressing changes
Cleaning and preparing instruments
(4) Assisting Physicians
Preparing treatment materials
Assisting with poultices, fomentations, and inhalation therapy
Preparing treatment materials
Assisting with poultices, fomentations, and inhalation therapy
(2) Ward Cleaning and Disinfection
Sweeping, scrubbing floors
Washing linens
Boiling and disinfecting instruments
Sweeping, scrubbing floors
Washing linens
Boiling and disinfecting instruments
5. Evaluation and Certification
Assessment Criteria
Practical skill in bedside care
Accuracy of observation notes
Cleanliness and orderliness in ward management
Competence in bandaging and sanitation procedures
Practical skill in bedside care
Accuracy of observation notes
Cleanliness and orderliness in ward management
Competence in bandaging and sanitation procedures
Certificate Awarded
“First-Class Nurse”— a short-term completion certificate issued by the Connecticut Training School for Nurses.
“First-Class Nurse”— a short-term completion certificate issued by the Connecticut Training School for Nurses.
Concise Academic Summary (English)
In 1882, Sutematsu Ōyama completed a short-term intensive nursing program at the Connecticut Training School for Nurses, attached to New Haven Hospital. The curriculum followed the Nightingale system and consisted of morning lectures in hygiene, anatomy and physiology, nursing principles, and dietetics; afternoon bedside training in personal care, observation, bandaging, and physician assistance; and evening duties involving sickroom cookery, ward cleaning, and instrument disinfection. Upon completion, she received a certificate equivalent to a first-class nursing qualification.
結論
In 1882, Sutematsu Ōyama completed a short-term intensive nursing program at the Connecticut Training School for Nurses, attached to New Haven Hospital. The curriculum followed the Nightingale system and consisted of morning lectures in hygiene, anatomy and physiology, nursing principles, and dietetics; afternoon bedside training in personal care, observation, bandaging, and physician assistance; and evening duties involving sickroom cookery, ward cleaning, and instrument disinfection. Upon completion, she received a certificate equivalent to a first-class nursing qualification.
結論
● 日本人女性として初のNursing Education and Training 看護免許所得者は山川捨松であった、ただし、それは United Statesで発行された看護婦認定書であった。
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